Ancient Rock Art of the American West (33 Photos)

Carved and Painted Long Before the Roads

These figures were pecked and painted into the rock across Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, California, Texas, Colorado and Washington, most of them centuries before anyone drew a state line. Some sit beside a highway pullout, one hides behind a locked gate, and others take a guided tour or a long hike to reach.

More: Ancient Art of Tassili n’Ajjer

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📰 Newspaper Rock — Indian Creek, Utah, USA 🇺🇸

People, animals, riders and symbols crowd one dark-stained cliff face along Indian Creek. The carvings at Newspaper Rock come from cultures dating from 1,500 years ago to this century: Ancestral Puebloan people first, Ute people later.

💡 Rider Fact: Look for the riders on horseback. The horseback figures are thought to be the work of Ute people, among the most recent artists on the panel.

📷 Photo: Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-DIG-highsm-11918 (Public domain)

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🌞 Three Rivers Petroglyphs — Otero County, New Mexico, USA 🇺🇸

Masks, animals, handprints and geometric designs cover a basalt ridge at the Three Rivers Petroglyph Site. Most were made by Jornada Mogollon people who lived in the Tularosa Basin between 500 and 1450 CE.

💡 Count Fact: More than 21,000 petroglyphs are scattered across roughly 50 acres, making this one of the largest concentrations in the Southwest.

📷 Photo: Derrick Henry / Bureau of Land Management (Public domain)

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🎨 Chumash Painted Cave — Santa Barbara, California, USA 🇺🇸

Wheels, sun-like disks and striped figures in red, black and white cover the walls of a small sandstone cave in the hills above Santa Barbara, off Highway 154 near San Marcos Pass. California State Parks calls it some of the finest remaining rock art created by Chumash Native Americans.

💡 Paint Fact: The Chumash mixed their colors from minerals: charcoal or manganese for black, hematite for red, and even serpentine for blue or green. Most of the paintings are probably less than 1,000 years old, and a locked iron gate has protected the cave since 1908.

📷 Photo: Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-DIG-highsm-24389 (Public domain)

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🪨 Painted Rock Petroglyph Site — near Gila Bend, Arizona, USA 🇺🇸

Almost every dark boulder on this low hill at the Painted Rock Petroglyph Site has something carved into it. You reach it from an Interstate 8 exit about 12.5 miles west of Gila Bend, then drive about 11 miles north.

💡 Count Fact: People of the Hohokam and Patayan traditions probably began making the petroglyphs by at least 1,400 years ago, and a recent inventory counted over 3,800 individual designs on 428 boulders.

📷 Photo: Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-DIG-highsm-49733 (Public domain)

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🧍 Fremont Petroglyph Panel — Capitol Reef National Park, Utah, USA 🇺🇸

Figures with broad, trapezoid bodies line up on the red cliff beside Highway 24, 1.1 miles east of the visitor center. They were carved roughly 1,000 years ago by the Fremont people, who lived in what is now Utah from about 300 to 1300 CE.

💡 Viewing Fact: Two wooden boardwalks lead along the panel, and the park has two free stationary binoculars for the figures high up the cliff.

📷 Photo: Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-DIG-highsm-70197 (Public domain)

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👻 The Great Gallery — Horseshoe Canyon, Utah, USA 🇺🇸

Life-size, tapered figures stand across a long sandstone wall in Horseshoe Canyon, part of Canyonlands National Park. The panel includes both pictographs and petroglyphs, and its Barrier Canyon style is believed to date from about 2000 BCE to 500 CE.

💡 History Fact: Horseshoe Canyon only became part of Canyonlands in 1971. Reaching the Great Gallery takes a 7-mile round-trip hike that begins with a steep 780-foot descent, so the hardest climb comes at the end.

📷 Photo: National Park Service (Public domain)

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🌧️ Three Rivers and Coso Bighorn Sheep — New Mexico and California, USA 🇺🇸

Petroglyph-covered basalt boulders at Three Rivers meet bighorn sheep figures from the Coso Rock Art District in California.

💡 Village Fact: A BLM archaeologist links the Three Rivers carvings to the village beside them: the same iconography is found on artifacts from the village.

📷 Photos: “Various petroglyphs at the Three Rivers Petroglyph Site” by Derrick Henry / Bureau of Land Management (Public domain) and “Coso Rock Art” by Craig Baker / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0); cropped and combined; archive composite shared under CC BY-SA 4.0

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🐾 Mountain Lion — Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA 🇺🇸

A long cat with a curled tail and big clawed feet, pecked into sandstone. This mountain lion was found near Blue Mesa in 1934 and is now on display inside the Painted Desert Inn.

💡 Park Fact: Arizona’s Newspaper Rock, inside the park, alone holds over 650 petroglyphs, carved by ancestral Puebloan people between 650 and 2,000 years ago.

📷 Photo: NPS/Stuart Holmes / National Park Service (Public domain)

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🐏 Deluge Shelter — Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, USA 🇺🇸

A red bighorn sheep with huge curled horns, painted on the wall of a rock shelter along the Jones Hole Creek Trail. The art here dates to approximately 800 to 1,400 years ago.

💡 Trail Fact: Getting there is a 4-mile round-trip hike from the Jones Hole Fish Hatchery. Many of the monument’s rock art sites are credited to the Fremont people.

📷 Photo: NPS photo / National Park Service (Public domain)

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🐦 Hummingbird Petroglyph — Rinconada Canyon, New Mexico, USA 🇺🇸

A long-beaked bird is pecked into the dark volcanic rock in Rinconada Canyon. The National Park Service says it has been interpreted as a hummingbird, while noting that a single image can hold complex or multiple meanings.

💡 Trail Fact: Archeologists believe Ancestral Pueblo people made most of the canyon’s roughly 1,200 petroglyphs 400 to 700 years ago. The 2.2-mile round-trip trail passes around 300 visible petroglyphs along the northern escarpment.

📷 Photo: Daniel Leifheit / National Park Service (Public domain)

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🔥 Valley of Fire Petroglyphs — Overton, Nevada, USA 🇺🇸

A spiral, a handprint, small animals and long wavy lines run across a slab of red sandstone at Atlatl Rock in Valley of Fire State Park in southern Nevada. Nevada State Parks notes that petroglyphs are found throughout the park, carved into desert varnish and sandstone.

💡 Atlatl Fact: The park brochure describes Atlatl Rock as centuries-old rock writings featuring a spear-throwing tool, the atlatl. Ancestral Puebloans lived nearby from AD 1 to 1250.

📷 Photo: Ken Thomas / Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)

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🦌 Purgatoire Canyon Petroglyphs — Las Animas County, Colorado, USA 🇺🇸

A row of long-necked animals carved into a lichen-spotted wall in Purgatoire Canyon. Carol M. Highsmith photographed them on the JE Canyon Ranch, private land along the Purgatoire River just north of the New Mexico border.

💡 Canyon Fact: Nearby, the public Picket Wire Canyonlands has rock art between 375 and 4,500 years old, plus more than 1,900 dinosaur footprints.

📷 Photo: Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-DIG-highsm-37980 (Public domain)

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🎭 Painted Mask — Hueco Tanks, near El Paso, Texas, USA 🇺🇸

Two green stars for eyes and a wide painted mouth stare out from the rock at Hueco Tanks, outside El Paso. The park has the largest grouping of such masks in North America, with more than 200 identified.

💡 Access Fact: West Mountain, East Mountain and East Spur are open only with a tour guide, and only 70 people may be in the self-guided area at one time.

📷 Photo: Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-DIG-highsm-27438 (Public domain)

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🌀 Fremont Figures and a Desert Spiral — Utah and Arizona, USA 🇺🇸

Broad-bodied Fremont figures at Capitol Reef stand beside a bold spiral at Signal Hill.

💡 Size Fact: Signal Hill itself is small: a rocky hill about 200 feet in diameter at its base and 40 feet high.

📷 Photos: “Fremont petroglyph panel, Capitol Reef National Park” by Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-DIG-highsm-70197 (Public domain) and “Spiral design petroglyph at the top of Signal Hill” by National Park Service (Public domain); cropped and combined

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🐎 Wolfe Ranch Petroglyphs — Arches National Park, Utah, USA 🇺🇸

Riders on horseback chase bighorn sheep across a dark rock face just off the Delicate Arch Trail at Wolfe Ranch. The horses give away their age: the National Park Service says the riders were made sometime after Ute bands acquired horses, after about 1600.

💡 Neighbor Fact: Utes still camped nearby when John Wesley Wolfe ranched here around 1900, and they traded handmade blankets for his garden produce and meat.

📷 Photo: NPS/Marty Tow / Arches National Park / Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)

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🌄 Petroglyph Point — Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, USA 🇺🇸

More than 30 human and animal figures, spirals and handprints are carved into a sandstone wall over 35 feet wide at Petroglyph Point. Reaching them takes a 1.4-mile walk along a footpath the Ancestral Pueblo people once used.

💡 Story Fact: According to one Hopi elder, the panel may tell the story of two clans, Mountain Sheep and Eagle, separating from other people and returning to their place of origin. The boxy spiral likely represents a sipapu, the place where Pueblo people emerged from the earth.

📷 Photo: James St. John / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)

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🪨 Birthing Rock — near Moab, Utah, USA 🇺🇸

Human and animal figures, tracks and other markings cover part of the stone at Birthing Rock near Moab. The Bureau of Land Management identifies it as a rock-imagery site along Kane Creek Road.

💡 Vandalism Fact: In April 2021 the BLM reported the panel had been vandalized with graffiti and said it was working with professional conservators to remove it.

📂 Artwork File · Sourced factsBirthing RockKane Creek Road · Moab, Utahnear MoabKane Creek Road$10,000 reward (BLM)1The BLM calls Birthing Rock a prominent rock imagery site along Kane Creek Road.Bureau of Land Management2Graffiti was found across three of the rock’s four panels on 26 April 2021, KSL reports.KSL201713 AprPhotographed · camera date202126 AprGraffiti found · KSL202127 AprBLM statement20213 MayCleanup reported · KSL202218 MarDamage recalled · KSLRead the full file →

📷 Photo: “The Birthing Rock Native American petroglyphs” by FormalDude / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)

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🌀 Spiral Petroglyph — Signal Hill, Arizona, USA 🇺🇸

A bold spiral was pecked through the dark desert varnish of a boulder at Signal Hill in the Tucson Mountain District of Saguaro National Park. The site’s prehistoric petroglyphs were made by the Hohokam, who lived in southern and south-central Arizona from about 450 to 1450 CE.

💡 Hill Fact: More than 200 prehistoric petroglyphs cover the small rocky hill, many visible from the trail.

📷 Photo and cover crop: National Park Service (Public domain)

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👁️ Sego Canyon Pictographs — near Thompson Springs, Utah, USA 🇺🇸

Tall, armless figures with hollow eyes and antenna-like heads stand side by side on the sandstone of Sego Canyon, just north of Interstate 70 past the town of Thompson. The Bureau of Land Management lists three culturally distinct styles here: Fremont, Ute and Barrier-style.

💡 Ghost Town Fact: About a mile north lies the old townsite of Sego, established in 1911 as a base for workers at a nearby anthracite coal mine. Its population peaked at around 200, and the town was abandoned in the 1950s.

📷 Photo: Tracette / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)

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🏠 Palatki Heritage Site — near Sedona, Arizona, USA 🇺🇸

Painted animals and symbols crowd the red rock alcoves at Palatki, northwest of Sedona. The Forest Service says the images show the site was used by several cultures over thousands of years, and its cliff dwelling, one of the largest in the Red Rock area, dates from about 1150 to 1350.

💡 Name Fact: Archaeologist Jesse Walter Fewkes named the site in 1895; Palatki is Hopi for “Red House.” To protect it, visits need a reserved ticket plus a Red Rock Pass or interagency pass.

📂 Artwork File · Sourced factsPalatki Heritage SiteCoconino National Forest, Arizonanear SedonaNamed by Fewkes 1895Sinagua1Its rock images show the area has been used by multiple cultures for thousands of years.Recreation.gov (Forest Service)2The cliff dwelling housed 40 to 60 people; published dates for it range from about AD 1100 to 1350.Recreation.gov (Forest Service)1895Described by Fewkes · Recreation.gov1996JulPictographs described · Arizona Highways202021 OctSite page updated · Archaeology SouthwestRead the full file →

📷 Photo: Matthew Field / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)

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🐏 A Closer Look at Coso — near Ridgecrest, California, USA 🇺🇸

Big-bodied bighorn sheep and human figures crowd this closer view from the Coso Rock Art District. The patterned bodies and horns change from figure to figure.

💡 Age Fact: The Maturango Museum says the Coso images range in age from before 13,000 years ago to the present.

📷 Photo: U.S. Navy / Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)

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🏕️ Hospital Rock — Sequoia National Park, California, USA 🇺🇸

Red figures run down the face of a giant boulder beside the Generals Highway. This was once a village of hundreds of people from the Mono (Monache), Yokuts, and the Tubatulabal tribes.

💡 Name Fact: The English name was first used in 1873, after a pioneer recovered here from a trapping injury.

📷 Photo: NPS photo / National Park Service (Public domain)

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🏹 The Great Hunt Panel — Nine Mile Canyon, Utah, USA 🇺🇸

A herd of bighorn sheep crowds the rock, with hunters drawing bows at the edges. The National Park Service counts at least 30 bighorn sheep and eight human-like figures, arranged in a pattern read as a communal hunt. The panel sits at the mouth of Cottonwood Canyon, off Nine Mile Canyon Road northeast of Price.

💡 Canyon Fact: The Bureau of Land Management notes that Nine Mile Canyon is often described as “the world’s longest art gallery”. Motifs at the Great Hunt site range from the Archaic through the Fremont period.

📂 Artwork File · Sourced factsThe Great Hunt PanelFremont period · c. AD 950–1200 · Nine Mile Canyon, UtahNine Mile Canyon30+ bighorn sheepFremont period1The panel shows at least 30 bighorn sheep and eight human-like figures, in a pattern interpreted as a communal hunt.National Park Service2From 2004 Utah Trust Lands worked to move the busy county road away from the panel.Utah Trust Lands1931First described · NPS1976Recorded as 42Cb239 · nomination2004Road move begins · Trust Lands2007Documented again · NPS20164 JunPhotographed · BLM · camera date20174 DecNational Register nomination2021Repaired after floods · Trust LandsRead the full file →

📷 Photo: Julie Kerr Gines / Bureau of Land Management via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)

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🌈 Rochester Panel — San Rafael Swell, Utah, USA 🇺🇸

Dense figures and animal shapes surround a large arcing design on the Rochester Panel in Utah’s San Rafael Swell. The Bureau of Land Management says specialists differ over whether the panel belongs to the Fremont or earlier Barrier Canyon tradition.

💡 Trail Fact: A mild hike along the canyon leads to the panel, which the BLM calls one of the most unusual rock art sites in Utah.

📷 Photo: “Rochester-Muddy Creek Petroglyph Site” by Ntsimp / Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)

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👀 Tsagaglalal (She Who Watches) — Columbia Hills, Washington, USA 🇺🇸

A face with huge ringed eyes stares out over the Columbia River from the basalt cliffs of Columbia Hills Historical State Park. She was pecked into the rock through a red ochre wash, and you can only see her on a reserved guided tour on Friday or Saturday mornings, April to October.

💡 Legend Fact: In one story Coyote turned a woman chief into stone so she could watch over her people and the river forever. Anthropologists believe she was made sometime between 1700 and 1840.

📂 Artwork File · Sourced factsTsagaglalal (She Who Watches)Columbia Hills Historical State Park, WashingtonColumbia RiverReserved tours onlyHorsethief Lake1Washington State Parks describes it as sacred Native American artwork on a basalt cliff above the Columbia River.Washington State Parks2It can only be seen on a reserved guided tour, on Friday and Saturday mornings from April to October.Washington State Parks1910Curtis photo published · Washington Trust1993Vandalized · Washington Trust201416 AugDescribed · The Columbian201717 AprTrail feature · Portland Monthly202631 OctTours listed through · State ParksRead the full file →

📷 Photo: John Nelson (rooftop65) / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)

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🧍 Falling Man — Gold Butte, Nevada, USA 🇺🇸

A pale human figure stretches across a dark red sandstone wall at Falling Man in Nevada’s Gold Butte area, near Whitney Pockets. A BLM report names Falling Man, with Kohta Circus, as a famed rock art site in the area.

📂 Artwork File · Sourced factsFalling ManGold Butte National Monument, NevadaGold ButteNamed in Proclamation 95591The 2016 Gold Butte proclamation names “the famed Falling Man petroglyph site” among the monument’s rock-art locations.Federal Register2Jim Boone of Friends of Gold Butte told PBS NewsHour that, unlike stick figures nearby, the Falling Man is more lifelike.PBS NewsHour201330 AugPhotographed · BLM Nevada · camera date201628 DecNamed in the proclamation201718 FebVisited · PBS NewsHour202430 NovPhotographed · NV ExpeditionsRead the full file →

📷 Photo and cover crop: “Whitney Pockets – Falling Man 1” by Ali Smith / BLM Nevada, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)

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〰️ Grapevine Canyon Petroglyphs — near Laughlin, Nevada, USA 🇺🇸

Grids, zigzags and wavy lines cover almost every face of a dark boulder in Grapevine Canyon, in Lake Mead National Recreation Area west of Laughlin. The National Park Service says Native Americans etched them perhaps hundreds of years ago, and no one knows today what they mean.

💡 Spring Fact: A natural spring on the canyon floor still draws wildlife, and the site has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1984.

📂 Artwork File · Sourced factsGrapevine Canyon PetroglyphsLake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevadanear Laughlin700+ petroglyphsListed 19841The area contains over 700 petroglyphs and numerous rock shelters, according to federal prosecutors.U.S. Attorney’s Office2The Colorado River Indian Tribes view the Grapevine Canyon area as sacred.U.S. Attorney’s Office198415 DecNational Register record · NPS2009Panels mapped · Wikipedia201122 AugPaintball damage sentenced · DOJ20168 AprTravel report · Pahrump Valley Times20199 FebPhotographed · John Fowler · camera dateRead the full file →

📷 Photo: John Fowler / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)

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🏜️ Coso Rock Art District — near Ridgecrest, California, USA 🇺🇸

Bighorn sheep are among the thousands of images pecked into dark volcanic rock in the canyons of the Coso Range, among them Little Petroglyph Canyon, inside Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake. The 36,000-acre National Historic Landmark holds what the Maturango Museum calls the richest collection of rock art in the western hemisphere.

💡 Navy Fact: The canyon sits on a Navy weapons test range in use since 1943, and stray fragments occasionally land there, though it is not a target. Public tours are suspended for now because the Navy is not allowing them.

📂 Artwork File · Sourced factsCoso Rock Art DistrictNaval Air Weapons Station China Lake, CaliforniaChina LakeLandmark 1964Coso Range1The Navy says the Coso Range canyons hold the highest concentration of rock art in the Northern Hemisphere.U.S. Navy2The Navy says more than 6,000 images were pecked, engraved or abraded into the desert varnish of the Coso Range canyons.U.S. Navy1964National Historic Landmark · Navy19998 OctNational Register listingc. 2002Tours restart · NAVAIR201811 AprFeature · PBS SoCal202322 SepTours closed after storm · NavyRead the full file →

📷 Photo: Craig Baker / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)

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✋ Seminole Canyon — near Comstock, Texas, USA 🇺🇸

Red hand shapes are painted on a pale limestone wall in one of the rock shelters of Seminole Canyon, near where the Pecos meets the Rio Grande. Texas Parks and Wildlife says the park’s Fate Bell Shelter holds rock art dated to 4,000 years ago, among the oldest pictographs in North America.

💡 Tour Fact: The park has almost 10 miles of trails, but you may only hike into the canyon itself with a guide.

📂 Artwork File · Sourced factsSeminole Canyon Pictographsabout 4,000 years old · Seminole Canyon, TexasFate Bell ShelterAbout 4,000 years oldGuided tours only1Texas Parks and Wildlife says the park’s Pecos River rock art is dated to 4,000 years old.Texas Parks and Wildlife2Access to Fate Bell Shelter and Seminole Canyon is by guided tour only.Texas Parks & Wildlife magazine2006Park brochure · TPWD2008FebGuided hike · TPW magazine202527 FebGuided tour · Texas MonthlyRead the full file →

📷 Photo: Zereshk / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)

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🌀 Parowan Gap — Iron County, Utah, USA 🇺🇸

A ringed carving stands out on a rock at Parowan Gap in southern Utah. The gap contains Indigenous petroglyphs and later markings.

💡 Register Fact: The gap is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and its later markings come from Spanish explorers and 19th-century pioneers.

📂 Artwork File · Sourced factsParowan Gap PetroglyphsIron County, UtahIron County90+ panelsNational Register 19751The BLM says Parowan Gap has the highest concentration of petroglyphs in southwest Utah.Bureau of Land Management2The gallery includes over 90 panels and approximately 1,500 figures.St. George News197510 OctNational Register record · NPS201725 MayPhotographed · camera date201916 JunReport · St. George News202127 MarPhoto story · Salt Lake Tribune2025JanNew photos · BLMRead the full file →

📷 Photo: “Petroglyphs at Parowan Gap, Utah” by Charvey90 / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)

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🖐️ Buckhorn Draw Pictograph Panel — San Rafael Swell, Utah, USA 🇺🇸

Red figures with tapering bodies and raised arms line a smooth, curved alcove in Buckhorn Draw, in the San Rafael Swell east of Castle Dale. The Bureau of Land Management calls it one of the most spectacular examples of Barrier Canyon style rock art.

💡 Restoration Fact: The panel spans more than 130 feet and was restored as part of Emery County’s Utah Centennial Project in 1996.

📂 Artwork File · Sourced factsBuckhorn Draw Pictograph PanelBarrier Canyon style · San Rafael Swell, UtahSan Rafael SwellBarrier Canyon styleLater Fremont additions1The BLM calls it one of the most spectacular examples of Barrier Canyon style rock art.Bureau of Land Management2In January 2025 someone scratched a name across four bighorn-sheep petroglyphs on the panel.KSL TV199521 AugCleanup under way · High Country News19953 SepCleanup done · Deseret News20134 NovDescribed · KSL202517 JanNew graffiti found · KSL TVRead the full file →

📷 Photo: Sandy Brown Jensen / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)

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👻 Ghost Figures on Two Canyon Walls — Utah, USA 🇺🇸

Round-eyed figures from Sego Canyon face tall painted figures from Buckhorn Draw, two Utah canyons with painted panels.

💡 Two Traditions: Sego preserves several styles made across different periods, while Buckhorn Draw is known for its Barrier Canyon-style painted figures.

📷 Photos: “Sego Canyon Pictographs 79002491” by Tracette / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) and “Buckhorn Draw Pictograph Panel (detail) — San Rafael Swell in central Utah, US — 2 April 2015” by Sandy Brown Jensen / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0); cropped and combined; archive composite shared under CC BY-SA 4.0

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🔥 Signs in Stone and Paint — Nevada and Utah, USA 🇺🇸

A spiral, hand and animals pecked at Valley of Fire sit beside pale-eyed painted figures from Sego Canyon.

💡 Different Methods: A petroglyph is made by cutting into the rock surface; a pictograph is painted on with pigment.

📷 Photos: “Valley of Fire-27527-6” by Ken Thomas / Wikimedia Commons (Public domain) and “Sego Canyon Pictographs 79002491” by Tracette / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0); cropped and combined; archive composite shared under CC BY-SA 4.0